布拉格起义
| 布拉格起义 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 第二次世界大战东线战场的一部分 | |||||||
 布拉格人民自发立起街垒 | |||||||
| |||||||
| 参战方 | |||||||
 捷克抵抗组织 俄罗斯解放军 |
 德意志国 | ||||||
| 指挥官与领导者 | |||||||
|
Karel Kutlvašr František Slunečko Sergei Bunyachenko |
卡尔·赫曼·法兰克 鲁道夫·图桑 卡尔·弗里德里希·冯·普吕克-博格豪斯 | ||||||
| 兵力 | |||||||
|
30,000 起义军[1][a] 18,000 俄罗斯自由军团叛变者[7] |
40,000[1][b] 部分飞机[11] | ||||||
| 伤亡与损失 | |||||||
|
1,694–2,898 insurgents killed[12][13][c] 3,000 insurgents wounded[16][17] 300 ROA defectors killed and wounded[18][19][d] | 380–953人死亡[20][e] | ||||||
|
263–2,000 捷克平民死亡[18][21] 1,000+ 德国平民死亡[22][f] | |||||||
布拉格起义（捷克语：Pražské povstání）是1945年5月第二次世界大战结束后布拉格当地反对纳粹德国的一次起事。纳粹德国对捷克的占领助长了捷克民众的反德情绪，同时红军和西方盟军的推进为捷克反抗军提供了机会。
1945年5月5日，在欧洲的二战结束时，占领波希米亚和摩拉维亚保护国的德军遭到了平民、捷克抵抗运动领导人和俄罗斯解放军的袭击。德军对此予以反击。5月8日，捷克和德国领导人签署了停火协议，根据该协议，所有德军撤出布拉格，但部分武装党卫军拒绝服从。战斗一直持续到5月9日，当时红军已进入布拉格。
作战双方都犯下了数项战争罪。德军使用捷克平民作为肉盾，并实施了多起屠杀。同时在捷克斯洛伐克流亡政府的支持下，针对德国平民的暴力行为有增无减。盟军最高指挥官德怀特·D·艾森豪威尔命令乔治·巴顿的美国第三军团不要前来援助捷克反德武装，这削弱了西方列强在战后捷克斯洛伐克的信誉。相反，起义被描绘成捷克反抗纳粹统治的象征。
注释 编辑
- ^ A few thousand of these were policemen from the Police of the Czech Republic and 国家宪兵 as well as soldiers from the 1st Battalion of the 波希米亚和摩拉维亚政府军, all of whom were lightly armed.[2] The remainder were civilians, mostly young men with no prior military training.[3][4] Numerous female civilians fought in the uprising, while others were escaped Allied 战俘 (some of whom were Soviet, British, French and Dutch) or Jews who had escaped from 纳粹集中营.[5][6]
- ^ Approximately 10,000 of these were 武装党卫队 troops who were sent to Prague after the start of the uprising.[8] The remainder included regular 德意志国防军 infantry, 纳粹德国空军 personnel from the disbanded Flak corps, 希特勒青年团 members and armed German civilians.[9][10]
- ^ The lower figure is the official estimate published in 1946.[14] Only casualties whose identity could be verified were included.[15] The higher figure is argued by Marek.[13]
- ^ Bunyachenko stated that ROA casualties in the uprising were 300 killed or wounded, but MacDonald suggests that this may have been "exaggerated for political purposes" as Bunyachenko was trying to avoid being handed over into Soviet captivity.[19]
- ^ These figures in theory included civilian casualties. However, Staněk considers the total number of Germans killed during the uprising to be well above 1,000.[20]
- ^ The official figure of 1,000 German civilian casualties is "almost certainly an underestimate, especially considering the scope and nature of the violence that took place in and around the city, and doesn't take into account official attempts to play down the violence against civilians." For example, of 300 Germans buried in a mass grave in a suburb of Prague, three-quarters were classified as military casualties despite the fact that a majority were wearing civilian clothes.[23]
参考文献 编辑
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Mahoney 2011，第191页.
- ^ Bartošek 1965，第34–35页.
- ^ Bartošek 1965，第55页.
- ^ Bartošek 1965，第149–150页.
- ^ Bartošek 1965，第53页.
- ^ Pynsent 2013，第297页.
- ^ Julicher 2015，第171页.
- ^ Dickerson 2018，第97页.
- ^ Bartošek 1965，第54页.
- ^ Jakl 2004，第25页.
- ^ Thomas & Ketley 2015，第284页.
- ^ Kokoška 2005，第258页.
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Publikace, kterou historiografie potřebovala: padlí z pražských barikád 1945. Vojenském historickém ústavu Praha. [20 June 2018]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-02）.
- ^ Soukup 1946，第42页.
- ^ Pynsent 2013，第285页.
- ^ Soukup 1946，第39页.
- ^ Orzoff 2009，第207页.
- ^ 18.0 18.1 Marek 2005，第13–14页.
- ^ 19.0 19.1 MacDonald & Kaplan 1995，第186页.
- ^ 20.0 20.1 Staněk 2005，第197页.
- ^ Merten 2017，第114页.
- ^ Lowe 2012，第127页.
- ^ Lowe 2012，第127–128页.