藏语语法
藏语语法（Tibetan grammar、藏语：བོད་སྐད་）描述标准藏语之词法，句法，及汉藏语系的其他语法特征。标准藏语是属于作通格语言的语言类型。名词一般都是没有显示其语法数量，不过都显示出格位。形容词从来没有标示出且跟随在名词之后。指示代词也跟随在名词之后，但被标示出语法数量来。动词在藏语法形态而言可能最复杂的部分。藏语语法所描述的话语只有是指西藏中部，尤其是拉萨市及周边地区的口语；但使用的拼写法反映出古典藏文，而不是口语发音。
名词及格 编辑
自然性别可以通过词汇之别来表示，比如：གཡག་ <gyag> "犛牛(雄)，" འབྲི་ <'bri> "犛牛(雌)"。人类或动物名词的性别，可以经由后缀来区别。
通格 编辑
通格指名词的未标记形式。可以用作不及物动词的主词、及物动词的受词、情感动词的感受者。
作格 编辑
名词(依字尾的形态)接 ས་ <-s> 、 གིས་ <gis>、ཀྱིས་ <kyis>、 ཀྱིས་ <kyis> 形成作格。作格一般用于标记及物动词的施事者和感知动词的感知者。此外也常用于表示工具。
离格 编辑
离格总是会加上 ནས་<NAS>后缀。它标志着远离名词的方向。离格有时也可以当作作格的功能以标示动作的主事者。
代词 编辑
人称代词 编辑
代词有三个人称，第二及第三人称各有三种语义表达方式，且三个人称格各有：单数、双数及多数的表达方式。
| 单数 | 双数 | 多数 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 第一人称 | ང་ <nga> | ང་གཉིས་ <nga-gnyis> | ང་ཚོ་ <nga-tsho> | |
| 第二人称 | 一般表示 | རང་ <rang> | རང་གཉིས་ <rang-gnyis> | རང་ཚོ་ <rang-tsho> |
| 尊称表示 | ཁྱེད་རང་ <khyed-rang> | ཁྱེད་རང་གཉིས་ <khyed-rang-gnyis> | ཁྱེད་རང་ཚོ་ <khyed-rang-tsho> | |
| 贬义表示 | ཁྱོད་ <khyod> | ཁྱོད་གཉིས་ <khyod-gnyis> | ཁྱོད་ཚོ་ <khyod-tsho> | |
| 第三人称 | 一般表示 | ཁོང་ <khong> | ཁོང་གཉིས་ <khong-gnyis> | ཁོང་ཚོ་ <khong-tsho> |
| 熟捻 (男性) | ཁོ་(རང་) <kho-(rang)> | ཁོ་(རང་)གཉིས་ <kho-(rang)-gnyis> | ཁོ་(རང་)ཚོ་ <kho-(rang)-tsho> | |
| 熟捻 (女性) | མོ་(རང་) <mo-(rang)> | མོ་(རང་)གཉིས་ <mo-(rang)-gnyis> | མོ་(རང་)ཚོ་ <mo-(rang)-tsho> |
动词曲折 编辑
在现代口语藏语动词里有一到三个语干。是为现在-将来时词干、过去时词干与祈使词干。然而，许多动词只在书写系统中存在词干的区别，口语中则只有一个词干，并且主要由助动词帮助区别语法意义。与名词和代词类似，动词的变位也是在词干的基础上附着词缀。
系词 编辑
必要的系词 编辑
有三种基本系词：断定性 རེད་<red>，[1]启示性 རེད་བཞག་<red-bzhag>，以及向自我性 ཡིན་<yin>。
注释 编辑
参考文献 编辑
- H. A. Jäschke. Tibetan–English Dictionary reprint. LONDON: Taylor and Francis. 1881: 671 [2011-06-30]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-20）.(Original from Oxford University)
- Heinrich August Jäschke. A Tibetan–English dictionary, with special reference to the prevailing dialects: To which is added an English-Tibetan vocabulary. LONDON: Printed by Unger Brothers (T. Grimm). 1881: 671 [2011-06-30]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-20）.(Original from Harvard University)
- Heinrich August Jäschke. Heinrich Wenzel , 编. Tibetan grammar. Volume 7 of Trübner's collection of simplified grammars 2. LONDON: Trübner & co. 1883: 104 [2011-06-30]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-20）.(Original from Harvard University)
- Graham Sandberg. Hand-book of colloquial Tibetan: A practical guide to the language of Central Tibet .... Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and co. 1894: 372 [2011-06-30]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-19）.(Original from Harvard University)
- Heinrich August Jäschke. Romanized Tibetan and English dictionary. 1866: 158 [2011-06-30]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-19）.(Original from Oxford University)
- Heinrich August Jäschke, A short practical grammar of the Tibetan language, with special reference to the spoken dialects, London: Hardinge Simpole, 1865, 2004 [Compendium ed.], ISBN 1-84382-077-3 . " ... contains a facsimile of the original publication in manuscript, the first printed version of 1883, and the later Addenda published with the Third Edition."—P. [4] of cover./ First edition published in Kye-Lang in Brit. Lahoul by the author, in manuscript, in 1865.
- Naga, Sangye Tandar. (2010). "Some Reflections on the Mysterious Nature of Tibetan Language" In: The Tibet Journal, Special issue. Autumn 2009 vol XXXIV n. 3-Summer 2010 vol XXXV n. 2. "The Earth Ox Papers", edited by Roberto Vitali, pp. 561–566.
- Nicolas Tournadre and Sangda Dorje, Manual of Standard Tibetan, New York: Snow Lion Publications, 2003, ISBN 1-55939-189-8.
- Sarat Chandra Das, Tibetan–English Dictionary (With Sanskrit Synonyms), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2000, ISBN 81-208-1713-3. (Reprint of the Calcutta : Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, 1902 edition.)
- Hodge, Stephen, An Introduction to Classical Tibetan, Orchid Press, 2003, ISBN 974-524-039-7.
- Bernard, Theos C., A Simplified Grammar of the Literary Tibetan Language, Santa Barbara, California: Tibetan Text Society, 1946
延伸阅读 编辑
* Bernard, Theos C., A Simplified Grammar of the Literary Tibetan Language, Santa Barbara, California: Tibetan Text Society, 1946.
- Das, Sarat Chandra, Tibetan–English Dictionary (with Sanskrit Synonyms), Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, 1902.. Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass, Dehli, ISBN 81-208-1713-3.
- Hodge, Stephen, An Introduction to Classical Tibetan, Orchid Press, 2003, ISBN 974-524-039-7.
- Jäschke, Heinrich August, A short practical grammar of the Tibetan language, with special reference to the spoken dialects, London: Hardinge Simpole, 1865, 2004 [Compendium ed.], ISBN 1-84382-077-3. " ... contains a facsimile of the original publication in manuscript, the first printed version of 1883, and the later Addenda published with the Third Edition."—P. [4] of cover./ First edition published in Kye-Lang in Brit. Lahoul by the author, in manuscript, in 1865.
- ——. Romanized Tibetan and English dictionary. 1866 [2011-06-30]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-19）.(Original from Oxford University)
- ——. A Tibetan–English dictionary, with special reference to the prevailing dialects: To which is added an English-Tibetan vocabulary. London: Unger Brothers (T. Grimm). 1881.
- ——. Heinrich Wenzel , 编. Tibetan grammar. Trübner's collection of simplified grammars 7 2nd. London: Trübner & co. 1883.
- Kopp, Teresa Kunkel. 1998. Verbalizers in Lhasa Tibetan. PhD dissertation, University of Texas at Arlington.
- Naga, Sangye Tandar. (2010). "Some Reflections on the Mysterious Nature of Tibetan Language" In: The Tibet Journal, Special issue. Autumn 2009 vol XXXIV n. 3-Summer 2010 vol XXXV n. 2. "The Earth Ox Papers", edited by Roberto Vitali, pp. 561–566.
- Sandberg, Graham. Hand-book of colloquial Tibetan: A practical guide to the language of Central Tibet. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and co. 1894.(Original from Harvard University)
- Tournadre, Nicolas; Dorje, Sangda, Manual of Standard Tibetan, New York: Snow Lion Publications, 2003, ISBN 1-55939-189-8.
