組織蛋白酶S

位於1號人類染色體的基因

組織蛋白酶S(英文:Cathepsin S)是人類體內由CTSS基因編碼的蛋白質[6]。該基因存在利用多腺苷酸化信號的轉錄變體。[6]

組織蛋白酶S
已知的結構
PDB直系同源搜索: PDBe RCSB
識別號
別名CTSS;, cathepsin S
外部IDOMIM116845 MGI107341 HomoloGene20867 GeneCardsCTSS
為以下藥物的標靶
odanacatib[1]
基因位置(人類
1號染色體
染色體1號染色體[2]
1號染色體
組織蛋白酶S的基因位置
組織蛋白酶S的基因位置
基因座1q21.3起始150,730,079 bp[2]
終止150,765,957 bp[2]
RNA表達模式


查閱更多表達數據
直系同源
物種人類小鼠
Entrez
Ensembl
UniProt
mRNA​序列

NM_004079
​NM_001199739

NM_001267695
​NM_021281

蛋白序列

NP_001186668
​NP_004070

NP_001254624
​NP_067256

基因位置​(UCSC)Chr 1: 150.73 – 150.77 MbChr 3: 95.43 – 95.46 Mb
PubMed​查找[4][5]
維基數據
檢視/編輯人類檢視/編輯小鼠

組織蛋白酶S是木瓜樣蛋白酶英語Papain-like protease肽酶C1家族的成員[7]。它是一種溶酶體半胱氨酸蛋白酶,可參與將抗原蛋白降解為以呈遞給MHC II類分子[8][9]組織蛋白酶S可以在肺泡巨噬細胞的廣泛的pH值範圍內作為彈性蛋白酶發揮作用。[10][11]

作用

編輯

雖然人們早已知道組織蛋白酶S在抗原呈遞中的作用[12][13],但現在更加深入地了解到組織蛋白酶S在瘙癢和疼痛或傷害感受中起地作用。[14] 傷害性活性是由組織蛋白酶S通過激活G蛋白偶聯受體家族的蛋白酶激活受體英語Protease-activated receptor2和4作為信號分子而產生的。[15]

組織蛋白酶S由抗原呈遞細胞表達,包括巨噬細胞B細胞樹突狀細胞小膠質細胞[16][17]組織蛋白酶S也由一些上皮細胞表達。[18]在用γ-干擾素刺激後,它在人角質形成細胞中的表達有着顯着的增加,並且由於促炎性細胞因子的刺激,它在銀屑病角質形成細胞中的表達也會升高。[19]相反,皮質胸腺上皮細胞英語Cortical thymic epithelial cells不表達組織蛋白酶S。[20][21]

雖然許多溶酶體蛋白酶最適合的pH值是酸性[22][23][24],但組織蛋白酶S是一個例外。組織蛋白酶S在中性pH值下保持催化活性,而pH值5.0到7.5之間是組織蛋白酶S的最佳pH值範圍。[25][26]由於穩定性問題,許多溶酶體蛋白酶被困在溶酶體內。相反,組織蛋白酶S可以保持穩定並在溶酶體外具有生理作用。[27][28]包括巨噬細胞和小膠質細胞在內的免疫細胞會分泌組織蛋白酶S以響應炎症介質,包括脂多糖[29]、促炎性細胞因子[30]中性粒細胞[31]在體外,組織蛋白酶S在3M尿素存在下可以保留一些酶活性。[32]組織蛋白酶S作為酶原產生並通過加工被激活。[33]

組織蛋白酶S的活性受到其內源性抑制劑——胱抑素C的嚴格調節,胱抑素C在抗原呈遞中也有作用。[34][35]與胱抑素C相比,胱抑素A胱抑素B的活性較低。[36]

組織蛋白酶S的活性切割位點 -(-Val-Val-Arg-)- 應該有至少兩個氨基酸從每一側包圍它。[37]

在抗原呈現中的作用

編輯

組織蛋白酶S在抗原呈現中起關鍵作用。MHC II類分子與小肽片段相互作用,以在抗原呈現免疫細胞表面呈遞。組織蛋白酶S參與阻止抗原加載到複合物中的恆定鏈英語CD74(li chain)的降解。這種降解發生在溶酶體中。按時間順序,組織蛋白酶S的作用遵循着天冬氨酸蛋白酶進行的兩次切割。組織蛋白酶S切割Ii的殘餘片段(IiP1)並留下一小部分碎片,稱為CLIP。它與複合物有直接的聯繫。

Ii的蛋白水解很重要,因為它有助於CLIP從MHC II上解離,以便複合物得以加載選定的抗原。加載抗原後,MHC II分子移動到細胞表面。因此,我們可以推測組織蛋白酶S的過度表達可能會導致Ii的過早降解、MHC II的臨時加載和自身的免疫攻擊。相反,組織蛋白酶S的抑制將導致Ii的降解、將抗原加載到MHC II中的延遲以及在細胞表面上MHC II中未切割li的片段的不適當存在,並且它會削弱免疫反應。例如,這種MHC II不會非常有效地誘導T細胞的增殖。

在巨噬細胞中,組織蛋白酶S可以被組織蛋白酶F取代。

在細胞外基質降解中的作用

編輯

分泌出來的組織蛋白酶S會切割一些細胞外基質(ECM)蛋白。組織蛋白酶S被認為是已知最有效的彈性蛋白酶。組織蛋白酶S底物列表包括層粘連蛋白纖連蛋白彈性蛋白骨鈣蛋白和一些膠原蛋白。它還切割基底膜硫酸軟骨素硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白聚糖。組織蛋白酶S由於其彈性溶解和膠原溶解活性而在血管通透性英語Vascular permeability血管新生中發揮積極作用。例如,組織蛋白酶S對層粘連蛋白5的切割會導致促血管生成肽。組織蛋白酶S的表達可由腫瘤細胞分泌的促炎因子觸發。

癌變中,組織蛋白酶S會促進腫瘤生長。

在細胞因子調節中的作用

編輯

組織蛋白酶S的表達和活性也在銀屑病患者的皮膚中被上調。它是否在引起銀屑病具有明確的作用尚不清楚,但在同一項研究中,它被證明可以特別切割和激活銀屑病相關的促炎細胞因子IL-36γ英語IL36G[30]

傷害感受

編輯

組織蛋白酶S在傷害感受英語Nociception中起作用,包括瘙癢和胃腸道疼痛。組織蛋白酶S導致瘙癢和疼痛的機制與蛋白酶激活受體2英語Protease-activated receptor 2和4的能力一致。[38][39]

組織蛋白酶S抑制劑

編輯

組織蛋白酶S的合成抑制劑參與了許多針對包括類風濕性關節炎在內的免疫疾病的臨床前研究。目前,他們中至少有一個參與了銀屑病的臨床試驗。LHVS(嗎啉脲-亮氨酸-高苯丙氨酸-乙烯基碸-苯基)是研究最廣泛的組織蛋白酶S的合成抑制劑。LHVS的半抑制濃度英語IC50約為5nM。 LHVS對組織蛋白酶S的抑制作用已被證明。它在創傷性腦損傷後具有神經保護作用。[40]商業抑制劑清單還包括紫斑肽(乙酰-Leu-Val-CHO)和其他抑制劑。

臨床意義

編輯

組織蛋白酶S已被證明是IV型星形細胞瘤英語Astrocytoma膠質母細胞瘤)患者的重要預後因素,其抑制作用顯示患者平均存活時間延長了5個月。這是因為半胱氨酸酶不能再與其他蛋白酶一起作用來分解腦細胞外基質。這樣腫瘤的擴散就停止了。科學家們宣布,這種酶可能可以預測死亡,因為它已被證明與心臟病和癌症有關。

參見

編輯

參考文獻

編輯
  1. ^ 對Cathepsin S起作用的藥物;在維基數據上查看/編輯參考. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000163131 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000038642 - Ensembl, May 2017
  4. ^ Human PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. 
  5. ^ Mouse PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Entrez Gene: CTSS cathepsin S. 
  7. ^ Wang GH, He SW, Du X, Xie B, Gu QQ, Zhang M, Hu YH. Characterization, expression, enzymatic activity, and functional identification of cathepsin S from black rockfish Sebastes schlegelii. Fish & Shellfish Immunology. October 2019, 93: 623–630. PMID 31400512. S2CID 199527780. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2019.08.012. 
  8. ^ Cheng XW, Zhang J, Song H, Yang G, Qin XZ, Guan LK, et al. [Association between lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin's activation and left ventricular function and remodeling in hypertensive heart failure rats]. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi. January 2008, 36 (1): 51–56 [2022-11-01]. PMID 19099930. (原始內容存檔於2022-10-01). 
  9. ^ Chen SJ, Chen LH, Yeh YM, Lin CK, Lin PC, Huang HW, et al. Targeting lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin S reveals immunomodulatory therapeutic strategy for oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy. Theranostics. 2021, 11 (10): 4672–4687. PMC 7978314 . PMID 33754020. doi:10.7150/thno.54793. 
  10. ^ Shi GP, Munger JS, Meara JP, Rich DH, Chapman HA. Molecular cloning and expression of human alveolar macrophage cathepsin S, an elastinolytic cysteine protease. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. April 1992, 267 (11): 7258–7262. PMID 1373132. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)42513-6 . 
  11. ^ Tanaka H, Yamaguchi E, Asai N, Yokoi T, Nishimura M, Nakao H, et al. Cathepsin S, a new serum biomarker of sarcoidosis discovered by transcriptome analysis of alveolar macrophages. Sarcoidosis, Vasculitis, and Diffuse Lung Diseases. 2019, 36 (2): 141–147. PMC 7247107 . PMID 32476947. doi:10.36141/svdld.v36i2.7620. 
  12. ^ Liu W, Spero DM. Cysteine protease cathepsin S as a key step in antigen presentation. Drug News & Perspectives. July 2004, 17 (6): 357–363. PMID 15334187. doi:10.1358/dnp.2004.17.6.829027. 
  13. ^ Baranov MV, Bianchi F, Schirmacher A, van Aart MA, Maassen S, Muntjewerff EM, et al. The Phosphoinositide Kinase PIKfyve Promotes Cathepsin-S-Mediated Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Antigen Presentation. iScience. January 2019, 11: 160–177. Bibcode:2019iSci...11..160B. PMC 6319320 . PMID 30612035. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2018.12.015. 
  14. ^ Tu NH, Inoue K, Chen E, Anderson BM, Sawicki CM, Scheff NN, et al. Cathepsin S Evokes PAR2-Dependent Pain in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients and Preclinical Mouse Models. Cancers. September 2021, 13 (18): 4697. PMC 8466361 . PMID 34572924. doi:10.3390/cancers13184697 . 
  15. ^ Reddy VB, Sun S, Azimi E, Elmariah SB, Dong X, Lerner EA. Redefining the concept of protease-activated receptors: cathepsin S evokes itch via activation of Mrgprs. Nature Communications. July 2015, 6: 7864. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.7864R. PMC 4520244 . PMID 26216096. doi:10.1038/ncomms8864. 
  16. ^ Reich M, Zou F, Sieńczyk M, Oleksyszyn J, Boehm BO, Burster T. Invariant chain processing is independent of cathepsin variation between primary human B cells/dendritic cells and B-lymphoblastoid cells. Cellular Immunology. 2011, 269 (2): 96–103. PMID 21543057. doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.03.012. 
  17. ^ Rupanagudi KV, Kulkarni OP, Lichtnekert J, Darisipudi MN, Mulay SR, Schott B, et al. Cathepsin S inhibition suppresses systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis because cathepsin S is essential for MHC class II-mediated CD4 T cell and B cell priming (PDF). Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. February 2015, 74 (2): 452–463 [2022-11-02]. PMID 24300027. S2CID 22126353. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203717. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2018-07-19). 
  18. ^ da Costa AC, Santa-Cruz F, Mattos LA, Rêgo Aquino MA, Martins CR, Bandeira Ferraz ÁA, Figueiredo JL. Cathepsin S as a target in gastric cancer. Molecular and Clinical Oncology. February 2020, 12 (2): 99–103. PMC 6951222 . PMID 31929878. doi:10.3892/mco.2019.1958. 
  19. ^ Schönefuss A, Wendt W, Schattling B, Schulten R, Hoffmann K, Stuecker M, et al. Upregulation of cathepsin S in psoriatic keratinocytes. Experimental Dermatology. August 2010, 19 (8): e80–e88. PMID 19849712. S2CID 31731844. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00990.x. 
  20. ^ Kiuchi S, Tomaru U, Ishizu A, Imagawa M, Kiuchi T, Iwasaki S, et al. Expression of cathepsins V and S in thymic epithelial tumors. Human Pathology. February 2017, 60: 66–74. PMID 27771373. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2016.09.027. 
  21. ^ Beers C, Burich A, Kleijmeer MJ, Griffith JM, Wong P, Rudensky AY. Cathepsin S controls MHC class II-mediated antigen presentation by epithelial cells in vivo. Journal of Immunology. February 2005, 174 (3): 1205–1212. PMID 15661874. S2CID 30821915. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.174.3.1205. 
  22. ^ Wilkinson RD, Williams R, Scott CJ, Burden RE. Cathepsin S: therapeutic, diagnostic, and prognostic potential. Biological Chemistry. August 2015, 396 (8): 867–882. PMID 25872877. S2CID 17582321. doi:10.1515/hsz-2015-0114. 
  23. ^ Liuzzo JP, Petanceska SS, Devi LA. Neurotrophic factors regulate cathepsin S in macrophages and microglia: A role in the degradation of myelin basic protein and amyloid beta peptide. Molecular Medicine. May 1999, 5 (5): 334–343. PMC 2230424 . PMID 10390549. doi:10.1007/BF03402069. 
  24. ^ Sena BF, Figueiredo JL, Aikawa E. Cathepsin S As an Inhibitor of Cardiovascular Inflammation and Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2017, 4: 88. PMC 5770806 . PMID 29379789. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2017.00088 . 
  25. ^ Kim NY, Ahn SJ, Lee AR, Seo JS, Kim MS, Kim JK, et al. Cloning, expression analysis and enzymatic characterization of cathepsin S from olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. November 2010, 157 (3): 238–247. PMID 20601061. doi:10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.06.008. 
  26. ^ Brömme D, Bonneau PR, Lachance P, Wiederanders B, Kirschke H, Peters C, et al. Functional expression of human cathepsin S in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Purification and characterization of the recombinant enzyme. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. March 1993, 268 (7): 4832–4838. PMID 8444861. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)53472-4 . 
  27. ^ Karimkhanloo H, Keenan SN, Sun EW, Wattchow DA, Keating DJ, Montgomery MK, Watt MJ. Circulating cathepsin S improves glycaemic control in mice. The Journal of Endocrinology. February 2021, 248 (2): 167–179. PMID 33289685. S2CID 227951644. doi:10.1530/JOE-20-0408. 
  28. ^ Bibli SI, Hu J, Sigala F, Wittig I, Heidler J, Zukunft S, et al. Cystathionine γ Lyase Sulfhydrates the RNA Binding Protein Human Antigen R to Preserve Endothelial Cell Function and Delay Atherogenesis. Circulation. January 2019, 139 (1): 101–114. PMID 29970364. S2CID 49652298. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034757. 
  29. ^ Janga H, Cassidy L, Wang F, Spengler D, Oestern-Fitschen S, Krause MF, et al. Site-specific and endothelial-mediated dysfunction of the alveolar-capillary barrier in response to lipopolysaccharides. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. February 2018, 22 (2): 982–998. PMC 5783864 . PMID 29210175. doi:10.1111/jcmm.13421. 
  30. ^ 30.0 30.1 Ainscough JS, Macleod T, McGonagle D, Brakefield R, Baron JM, Alase A, et al. Cathepsin S is the major activator of the psoriasis-associated proinflammatory cytokine IL-36γ. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. March 2017, 114 (13): E2748–E2757. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114E2748A. PMC 5380102 . PMID 28289191. doi:10.1073/pnas.1620954114 . 
  31. ^ Wang H, Jiang H, Cheng XW. Cathepsin S are involved in human carotid atherosclerotic disease progression, mainly by mediating phagosomes: bioinformatics and in vivo and vitro experiments. PeerJ. 2022, 10: e12846. PMC 8833225 . PMID 35186462. doi:10.7717/peerj.12846. 
  32. ^ Flynn CM, Garbers Y, Düsterhöft S, Wichert R, Lokau J, Lehmann CH, et al. Cathepsin S provokes interleukin-6 (IL-6) trans-signaling through cleavage of the IL-6 receptor in vitro. Scientific Reports. December 2020, 10 (1): 21612. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1021612F. PMC 7730449 . PMID 33303781. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77884-4. 
  33. ^ Wiederanders B. The function of propeptide domains of cysteine proteinases. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2000, 477: 261–270. ISBN 0-306-46383-0. PMID 10849753. doi:10.1007/0-306-46826-3_28. 
  34. ^ Paraoan L, Gray D, Hiscott P, Garcia-Finana M, Lane B, Damato B, Grierson I. Cathepsin S and its inhibitor cystatin C: imbalance in uveal melanoma. Frontiers in Bioscience. January 2009, 14 (7): 2504–2513. PMID 19273215. doi:10.2741/3393. 
  35. ^ Zhang W, Zi M, Sun L, Wang F, Chen S, Zhao Y, et al. Cystatin C regulates major histocompatibility complex-II-peptide presentation and extracellular signal-regulated kinase-dependent polarizing cytokine production by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Immunology and Cell Biology. November 2019, 97 (10): 916–930. PMID 31513306. S2CID 213168319. doi:10.1111/imcb.12290. 
  36. ^ Bangsuwan P, Hirunwidchayarat W, Jirawechwongsakul P, Talungchit S, Taebunpakul P. Expression of Cathepsin B and Cystatin A in Oral Lichen Planus. Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry. September 2021, 11 (5): 566–573. PMC 8533036 . PMID 34760802. doi:10.4103/jispcd.JISPCD_97_21 (不活躍 2022-10-07). 
  37. ^ Fu Q, Zhao S, Yang N, Tian M, Cai X, Zhang L, et al. Genome-wide identification, expression signature and immune functional analysis of two cathepsin S (CTSS) genes in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). Fish & Shellfish Immunology. July 2020, 102: 243–256. PMID 32315741. S2CID 216074706. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2020.04.028. 
  38. ^ Elmariah SB, Reddy VB, Lerner EA. Cathepsin S signals via PAR2 and generates a novel tethered ligand receptor agonist. PLOS ONE. June 25, 2014, 9 (6): e99702. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...999702E. PMC 4070910 . PMID 24964046. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099702 . 
  39. ^ Reddy VB, Sun S, Azimi E, Elmariah SB, Dong X, Lerner EA. Redefining the concept of protease-activated receptors: cathepsin S evokes itch via activation of Mrgprs. Nature Communications. July 2015, 6: 7864. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.7864R. PMC 4520244 . PMID 26216096. doi:10.1038/ncomms8864. 
  40. ^ Xu J, Wang H, Ding K, Lu X, Li T, Wang J, et al. Inhibition of cathepsin S produces neuroprotective effects after traumatic brain injury in mice. Mediators of Inflammation. Oct 24, 2013, 2013 (2013): 187873. PMC 3824312 . PMID 24282339. doi:10.1155/2013/187873 . 

拓展閱讀

編輯

外部連結

編輯