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尼维特正穿上正统的足球装备比赛，摄于2007年

足球装备（又称用品、制服，英语：kit、strip、uniform）是足球员在比赛时所穿著的基本装备和服装。球例（Laws of the Game）明确指明一位球员必须使用的用品，亦禁止球员或其他参与者使用有危险性的用品。个别的比赛会有更深入的限制，例如调整球衣上标志的大小；明确规定一场比赛中，若两队的队服有相似颜色或容易引起混淆，作客的球队必须穿上其他制服。

足球员一般会穿上背面印有号码的球衣进行比赛。原先一支球队的球员必须穿上1至11号球衣，和他们司职的位置相对，在职业赛事里球衣号码则由球员名单编定，每位球员皆获分配一个持续一个球季的固定号码。职业足球会亦会在球衣背面印上球员的姓氏或昵称，一般会印在号码的上面。

足球运动起源不久，它的用品已经不断发展，当时足球员会穿著厚绵球衣，灯笼裤和厚硬皮革球鞋。于12世纪球鞋的重量减低及变软，球裤的长度缩短；制衣技术改良和印刷术使球裤可使用更轻盈的人造纤维制造，使色彩增强和容许较复杂的设计。赞助商的标志亦出现在用品上，球队亦会复制他们的装备供球迷们购买，以赚取收入。

装备

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基本装备

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球例规定球员必须佩戴护胫比赛。

球例于第四条规例球员装备（The Players' Equipment）列明球员必须在比赛必须佩戴的装备。它明确说明了五项物件，包括球衣、短裤、袜、鞋及护胫[1]。守门员则容许穿著长裤（tracksuit bottoms）来代替短裤[2]。大部分球员会穿著被称为球靴的钉鞋，球例却没有列明必须穿著[1]。球衣必须带有袖子，以使其他球员和官方代表分办得更清楚。球员亦可穿著保暖内裤，但必须和球裤的颜色一样。护胫需由橡胶、塑胶或相似物料所制造，且必须完全被袜子所遮盖，以及“提供一个适当的保护程度”[1]。其它被球例规定所禁止的装备，条件是一名球员“不可以使用一些装备或佩戴任何物品会对自己或其他球员构成危险”[1]。

虽然球例只指明“两队必须穿上的球衣颜色，以作双方、球证和旁证的识别”[1]，但个别的比赛则规定一方的后备球员穿上相同颜色的衣服。在一场比赛当中，如双方的球衣过于相似或会被混淆，作客球队必须更换球衣的颜色[3]。因为这个规定，一支球队的第二选择球衣常被称为“作客球衣”或“作客颜色”。但有些球队在球衣没有和对方撞色下，选择穿著作客球衣，甚至有些球队故意于主场穿著作客球衣。这情况不乏例子，特别是国家队，英格兰国家队偶尔在非必要下穿著其作客红色球衣作赛，他们更穿著这球衣赢得1966年世界杯[4]。很多职业足球队亦有“第三球衣”或“第二作客球衣”，当球队的首选和作客球衣的颜色亦和他们的对手相近下，便会使用这件球衣[5]。大部分职业足球队皆沿用他们的球衣颜色很久[5]，而球衣颜色本身就是球会一个重要的文化[6]。国家队通常穿著“国家颜色”（national colours）比赛，和国家的其他体育项目代表队一样。国家颜色通常基于国旗的颜色，但有例外－－意大利国家队的蓝色，是萨伏依王朝的代表颜色[7]。

 
法甲球会里昂于2006/07球季的主场球衣。

球衣一般会以聚酯网制造，它不会吸收汗水和身体热力，和以天然纤维制造的球衣一样[8]。大部分职业球会会在球衣前方印有赞助商的标志，象征获得的庞大收入[9]，亦有一些球会让赞助商的标志印在球衣背面[10]。球例对标志作出一些限制，例如标志可以有多大或什么标志可以展示[11]。一些比赛如英超，要求球员在袖子戴补钉，以展示该赛事的标志[12]。球员的号码大多印在球衣的背面，而部分国家队会印出球员的号码于球衣的前方[13]，职业球队会印出球员的姓氏于号码的上方[14]。球队的队长而要佩戴织入橡皮筋的臂章于左袖子，以示对球证和球迷的识别[15]。

 
现代草皮钉鞋（turf shoes），使用于人工坚硬草皮或沙地。

现时大部分球员穿著比赛的专业球靴，多以皮革或人造物料制造。现代球靴被裁至略低于足踝，和从前使用的高踝鞋相反，并在鞋底系上钉子。钉子可直接铸造于鞋底，亦可自行系上螺丝钉[16]。现代球靴如前FC利物浦名将庄士东（Craig Johnston）设计的Adidas Predator，特色是非常复杂、科学化的设计，例如在鞋底装上空中气涡和以橡胶刀片取代钉子[17]。一些大球会对刀片设计颇有微言，他们责备刀片容易令球员受伤，穿着者亦如是[18][19]。一些球员故意选择较紧身的球靴比赛，他们认为这能加强控球能力，但这方法被批评会令球员较易受伤[20]。

其他装备

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守门员专用的手套

所有球员都可戴手套[21]，守门员则可戴守龙门专用的手套。1970年代前，手套使用率极低[22]，但现在几乎没有可能看见一个没有佩戴手套的守门员。在2004年欧洲国家杯八强葡萄牙队对英格兰队，前者门将列卡度·彭利拿因在互射十二码阶段除去手套令球迷们议论纷纷[23]。从1980年代起，手套的设计有突破性的发展，以保护器防止手指被截断、分割术增加弹性和手套的掌部使用特别物料设计，以保护手部和增强接抓球能力[22]。手套亦分为多种式样，包括“平手掌”（flat palm）、“滚动手指”（roll finger）和“反式”（negative）等，视乎缝纫及合身度加以变化[24]。守门员有时会戴帽子以防止太阳光或灯光的照射影响表现[21]。视力有问题的球员会佩戴眼镜，只要眼镜不会脱离或爆裂发生危险便可佩戴。大部分球员选择佩戴隐形眼镜，除非患有眼疾，著名的例子是荷兰球员戴维斯因患有青光眼而不能佩戴隐形眼镜，而戴了一副特殊的护目镜，它的镜片伸展到头两边[25]。其他有可能会对球员构成危险的物品（如珠宝首饰）则不允许佩戴[1]。其他会被球员穿著的用品，包括排汗层（base layers），例如Nike的NikePro系列和Canterbury的BaseLayer系列[26]。球员亦可选择佩戴头套以保护自己免受头部的伤害，只要该头盔没有机会对其他球员构成任何危险，便可佩戴。[27]

官方装备

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一名球证正穿上一套黑色的制服。

球证、旁证和第四球证的装备和球员的风格相近。虽然球例没有列明，但球证所穿制服的颜色会约定俗成地和两队所穿球衣的颜色不同[28]。1998年，英超联赛球证大卫·艾拿尼（David Elleray）曾在执法阿士东维拉对温布顿的赛事中段被逼换掉制服，因为他的制服的颜色和温布顿的球衣颜色太相近[29]。传统黑色是代表官方人员的颜色，人们经常以“黑衣判官”这个非正式的术语来形容球证[30]。但在现代足球，球证亦会穿著其他颜色的制服[31]。尽管衣袖受到限制，球证的制服有时亦会印上赞助商的标志[32]。

历史

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初期发展

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在1860年代，英格兰开始出现足球这项运动，但当时仍没有对选择球衣的标准。球队可以穿上任何衣服，有一些球员以帽子或腰带来分辨队友[5]。这带来了问题，一本1867年的足球册子建议球队应尝试“在事前作出安排，一方穿上单色的间条球衣，如红色；另一方则穿著其他颜色，如蓝色。这能避免混乱和粗野地从你的队友抢去皮球。”[33]

 
1894年新布普顿足球队的大合照，球员穿上传统制服，包括重球衣、长裤、重高鞋和穿在长袜之外的护胫。

在1870年代，首套标准足球装备推出，和学校与其他体育团体有密切关系的足球会，使用的装备的设计和他们会有所影响[5]。例如布力般流浪的球衣一开二的设计沿于马云书院（Malvern College），队中不少球员在这间书院毕业。而球队最初使用的浅蓝色和白色就为了显示和剑桥大学的关系，因为几位球会创立者曾在这家著名学府受教育。[34] Colours and designs often changed dramatically between matches, with Bolton Wanderers turning out in both pink shirts and white shirts with red spots within the same year.[35] Rather than the modern shorts, players wore long knickerbockers or full-length trousers, often with a belt or even braces.[36] Lord Kinnaird, an early star of the game, was noted for always being resplendent in long white trousers.[37] There were no numbers printed on shirts to identify individual players, and the programme for an 1875 match between Queen's Park and Wanderers in Glasgow identifies the players by the colours of their caps or stockings.[38] The first shin pads were worn in 1874 by the Nottingham Forest player Sam Weller Widdowson, who cut down a pair of cricket pads and wore them outside his stockings. Initially the concept was ridiculed but it soon caught on with other players.[39] By the turn of the century pads had become smaller and were being worn inside the stockings.[40]

As the game gradually moved away from being a pursuit for wealthy amateurs to one dominated by working-class professionals, kits changed accordingly. The clubs themselves, rather than individual players, were now responsible for purchasing kit and financial concerns, along with the need for the growing numbers of spectators to easily identify the players, led to the lurid colours of earlier years being abandoned in favour of simple combinations of primary colours. In 1890 the Football League, which had been formed two years earlier, ruled that no two member teams could have similar kits, so as to avoid clashes. This rule was later abandoned in favour of one stipulating that all teams must have a second set of shirts in a different colour available.[5] Initially the home team was required to change colours in the event of a clash, but in 1921 the rule was amended to require the away team to change.[41]

Specialised football boots began to emerge in the professional era, taking the place of everyday shoes or work boots. Players initially simply nailed strips of leather to their boots to enhance their grip, leading the Football Association to rule in 1863 that no nails could project from boots. By the 1880s these crude attachments had become studs. Boots of this era were made of heavy leather, had hard toecaps, and came high above a player's ankles.[42]

二十世纪初

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As the game began to spread to Europe and beyond, clubs adopted kits similar to those worn in the United Kingdom, and in some cases chose colours directly inspired by British clubs. In 1903, Juventus of Italy adopted a black and white kit inspired by Notts County.[43] Two years later, Argentina's Club Atlético Independiente adopted red shirts after watching Nottingham Forest play.[44]

 
By the early 20th century shorts had become shorter and goalkeepers wore shirts of a different colour, as seen in this photograph of Internazionale in 1910.

In 1904 the Football Association dropped its rule that players' knickerbockers must cover their knees and teams began wearing them much shorter. They became known as "knickers", and were referred to by this term until the 1960s when "shorts" became the preferred term.[36] Initially, almost all teams wore knickers of a contrasting colour to their shirts.[5] In 1909, in a bid to assist referees in identifying the goalkeeper amongst a ruck of players, the Laws of the Game were amended to state that the goalkeeper must wear a shirt of a different colour to his team-mates. Initially it was specified that goalkeepers' shirts must be either scarlet or royal blue, but when green was added as a third option in 1912 it caught on the extent that soon almost every goalkeeper was playing in green. In this period goalkeepers generally wore a heavy woollen garment more akin to a jumper than the shirts worn by outfield players.[36]

Sporadic experiments with numbered shirts took place in the 1920s but the idea did not initially catch on.[45] The first major match in which numbers were worn was the 1933 FA Cup Final between Everton and Manchester City. Rather than the numbers being added to the clubs' existing kits, two special kits, one white and one red, were made for the final and allocated to the two teams by the toss of a coin. The Everton players wore numbers 1–11, while the City players wore 12–22.[46] It was not until around the time of the Second World War that numbering became standard, with teams wearing numbers 1–11. Although there were no regulations on which player should wear which number, specific numbers came to be associated with specific positions on the field of play, a prime example being the number 9 shirt which was usually reserved for the team's main striker.[45] The 1930s also saw great advancements in boot manufacture, with new synthetic materials and softer leathers becoming available. By 1936 players in Europe were wearing boots which weighed only a third of the weight of the rigid boots of a decade earlier, although British clubs did not adopt the new-style boots, with players such as Billy Wright openly pronouncing their disdain for the new footwear and claiming that it was more suited to ballet than football.[47]

 
The national team of Argentina in a typical kit of the late 1960s.

In the period immediately after the war, many teams in Europe were forced to wear unusual kits due to clothing restrictions.[5] England's Oldham Athletic, who had traditionally worn blue and white, spent two seasons playing in red and white shirts borrowed from a local rugby league club,[48] and Scotland's Clyde wore khaki.[49] In the 1950s kits worn by players in southern Europe and South America became much more lightweight, with V-necks replacing collars on shirts and synthetic fabrics replacing heavy natural fibres.[21] The first boots to be cut below the ankle rather than high-topped were introduced by Adidas in 1954. Although they cost twice as much as existing styles the boots were a huge success and cemented the German company's place in the football market. Around the same time Adidas also developed the first boots with screw-in studs which could be changed according to pitch conditions.[16] Other areas were slower to adopt the new styles – British clubs once again resisted change and stuck resolutely to kits little different to those worn before the war,[21] and Eastern European teams continued to wear kits that were deemed old-fashioned elsewhere. The FC Dynamo Moscow team that toured Western Europe in 1945 drew almost as much comment for the players' long baggy shorts as for the quality of their football.[50] With the advent of international competitions such as the European Cup, the southern European style spread to the rest of the continent and by the end of the decade the heavy kits and boots of the pre-war years had fallen entirely out of use. The 1960s saw little innovation in kit design, with clubs generally opting for simple kits which looked good under the newly-adopted floodlights.[5] Kit designs from the late 1960s and early 1970s are highly regarded by football fans.[51]

现代发展

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图中所示为巴黎圣日耳门的球衣，为标准的现代足球球衣。

在1970年代，球会开始设计具强烈独特射格的球衣 and in 1975 Leeds United, who had changed their traditional blue and gold kit to all white in the 1960s to mimic Real Madrid,[52] became the first club to design a kit which could be sold to fans in the form of replica shirts. Driven by commercial concerns, other clubs soon followed suit, adding manufacturers' logos and a higher level of trim.[5] The early part of the decade also saw the first sponsored kits, with top clubs such as Bayern Munich displaying companies' names on their shirts.[5] Soon almost all major clubs had signed such deals, although two top Spanish clubs, FC Barcelona and Athletic Bilbao, refused to allow sponsors' logos to appear on their shirts as recently as 2005.[53] Even today, Barcelona has refused paying sponsors in favor of wearing the UNICEF logo on their kits while donating €1.5 million to the charity per year.[54] Players also began to sign sponsorship deals with individual companies. In 1974 Johan Cruijff refused to wear the Dutch national team's kit as its Adidas branding conflicted with his own individual contract with Puma, and was permitted to wear a version without the Adidas branding.[55] Puma had also paid Pelé $120,000 to wear their boots and specifically requested that he bend down and tie his laces at the start of the 1970 FIFA World Cup final, ensuring a close-up of the boots for a worldwide television audience.[56]

In the 1980s manufacturers such as Hummel and Adidas began to design shirts with increasingly intricate designs, as new technology led to the introduction of such design elements as shadow prints and pinstripes.[5] Hummel's distinctive halved kit designed for the Danish national team for the 1986 FIFA World Cup caused a stir in the media but concern was raised by FIFA over its appearance on television.[57] Shorts became shorter than ever during the 1970s and 80s,[45] and often included the player's number on the front.[58] In the 1991 FA Cup Final Tottenham Hotspur's players lined up in long baggy shorts. At the time the new look was derided, but within a short period of time clubs both in Britain and elsewhere had adopted the longer shorts.[59] In the 1990s shirt designs became increasingly complex, with many teams sporting extremely gaudy kits. Design decisions were increasingly driven by the need for the shirt to look good when worn by fans as a fashion item,[5] but many designs from this era have since come to be regarded as amongst the worst of all time.[60] In 1996, Manchester United notoriously introduced a grey kit which had been specifically designed to look good when worn with jeans, but abandoned it halfway through a match after manager Alex Ferguson claimed that the reason why his team was losing 3–0 was that the players could not see each other on the pitch. United switched to a different kit for the second half and scored one goal without reply.[61] The leading leagues also introduced squad numbers, whereby each player is allocated a specific number for the duration of a season.[62] A brief fad arose for players celebrating goals by lifting or completely removing their shirts to reveal political, religious or personal slogans printed on undershirts. This led to a ruling from the International Football Association Board in 2002 that undershirts must not contain slogans or logos.[63]

 
Replica kits on display.

The market for replica shirts has grown enormously, with the revenue generated for leading clubs and the frequency with which they change kit designs coming under increased scrutiny, especially in the United Kingdom, where the market for replicas is worth in excess of £200m.[64] Several clubs have been accused of price fixing, and in 2003 Manchester United were fined £1.65m by the Office of Fair Trading.[65] The high prices charged for replicas have also led to many fans buying fake shirts which are imported from countries such as Thailand and Malaysia.[66] Nonetheless, the chance for fans to purchase a shirt bearing the name and number of a star player can lead to significant revenue for a club. In the first six months after David Beckham's transfer to Real Madrid the club sold more than one million shirts bearing his name.[67] A market has also developed for shirts worn by players during significant matches, which are sold as collector's items. The shirt worn by Pelé in the 1970 FIFA World Cup Final sold at auction for over £150,000 in 2002.[68]

A number of advances in kit design have taken place since 2000, with varying degrees of success. In 2002 the Cameroon national team competed in the African Cup of Nations in Mali wearing shirts with no sleeves,[69] but FIFA later ruled that such garments were not considered to be shirts and therefore were not permitted under the Laws of the Game.[70] Manufacturers Puma AG initially added "invisible" black sleeves in order to comply with the ruling, but later supplied the team with a new one-piece singlet-style kit.[61] FIFA ordered the team not to wear the kit but the ruling was disregarded, with the result that the Cameroon team was deducted six points in its qualifying campaign for the 2006 FIFA World Cup,[71] a decision later reversed after an appeal.[72] More successful were the skin-tight shirts designed for the Italian national team by manufacturers Kappa, a style subsequently emulated by other national teams and club sides.[61]

参考资料

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Law 4 — The Players' Equipment. Laws of the Game 2008/2009 (PDF). FIFA. : 18–19 [2008-09-01]. 
  2. ^ Interpretation of the laws of the game and guidelines for referees: Law 4 — The Players' Equipment. Laws of the Game 2008/2009 (PDF). FIFA. : 63–64. 
  3. ^ Standardised League Rules. Wessex Football League. [2008-01-16]. 
  4. ^ Glen Isherwood; et al. England's Uniforms - Player Kits. England Football Online. [2008-01-23]. England sometimes choose to wear their red at home even though they could wear their white, as against Germany in the last match played at Wembley Stadium. The Football Association wished to invoke the spirit of 1966, when, in their finest moment at Wembley, England beat West Germany in the World Cup final wearing their red shirts. 
  5. ^ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 David Moor. A Brief History of Football Kit Design in England and Scotland. HistoricalFootballKits.co.uk. [2008-01-14]. 
  6. ^ Giulianotti, Richard; Norman Bonney, Mike Hepworth. Football, Violence and Social Identity. Routledge. 1994: 75. ISBN 0-4150-9838-6. For a supporter, whether or not he lives in the city of the team, the team colours are the most important symbol of his football faith, dominating any other symbol or cultural meaning such as nation, class or political party. 
  7. ^ What's in a name? Part II. FIFA. 2000-02-05 [2008-09-01]. 
  8. ^ Football and health. BUPA. [2008-01-17]. 
  9. ^ Man Utd sign £56m AIG shirt deal. BBC. 2006-04-06 [2008-01-16]. 
  10. ^ Back-of-the-shirt Sponsors Draw. Notts County F.C. 2007-12-30 [2008-01-16]. 
  11. ^ Regulations Relating to Advertising on the Clothing of Players, Club Officials and match Officials (PDF). The FA. [2008-01-16]. 
  12. ^ The F.A. Premier League. Chris Kay International. [2008-01-22]. 
  13. ^ Q & A 2006. England Football Online. 2006-11-22 [2008-01-16]. 
  14. ^ Davies, Hunter. Chapter 3. Equipment: Bring on the Balls. Boots, Balls and Haircuts: An Illustrated History of Football from Then to Now. Cassell Illustrated. 2003: 158. ISBN 1-8440-3261-2. 
  15. ^ Captain's armband is compulsory in PFF competitions : Faisal. FootballPakistan.com. 2007-12-05 [2008-01-22]. 
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Reilly, Thomas; A.M. Williams. Science and Soccer. Routledge. 2003: 125. ISBN 0-4152-6232-1. 
  17. ^ Mike Adamson. Adidas Predator Absolute. The Guardian. 2006-01-13 [2008-01-16]. 
  18. ^ Ferguson wants bladed boots ban. BBC. 2005-09-24 [2008-01-18]. 
  19. ^ Warnock is concerned over blades. BBC. 2005-08-19 [2008-01-18]. 
  20. ^ Trevor D Prior. Why Do Footballers Keep Breaking Their Metatarsal Bones?. The Society of Chiropodists and Podiatrists. [2008-01-18]. 
  21. ^ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Cox, Richard; Dave Russell, Wray Vamplew. Encyclopedia of British Football. Routledge. 2002: 75. ISBN 0-7146-5249-0. 
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 Football and Technology: Goalkeeper kit. Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt. [2008-01-15]. 
  23. ^ Craig Brown. Football: Euro 2004: Referee's error denies England victory. The Independent. 2004-06-25 [2008-01-15]. 
  24. ^ Goalkeeper Glove Cut Guide. TheGloveBag.com. 2006-03-28 [2008-07-14]. 
  25. ^ Goggles are Davids' most glaring feature. Soccertimes.com. 2003-03-07 [2008-01-16]. 
  26. ^ Base Layers. Pro Direct Soccer. [2008-01-17]. 
  27. ^ Cech's rugby-style headgear passes the FA's safety test. The Independent. 2007-01-20 [2008-04-16]. 
  28. ^ Advice for Newly Qualified Referees (PDF). The FA. [2008-01-15].  （PDF文件）
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