雷明顿鲸科
雷明顿鲸科（学名：Remingtonocetidae）为鲸下目下一群多样化的水生哺乳动物[1]。
雷明顿鲸科 化石时期：早 - 中始新世
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| 库奇鲸（Kutchicetus） | |
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| 雷明顿鲸（Remingtonocetus） | |
科学分类 
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| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
| 纲： | 哺乳纲 Mammalia |
| 目： | 偶蹄目 Artiodactyla |
| 下目： | 鲸下目 Cetacea |
| 并系群： | †古鲸类 Archaeoceti |
| 科： | †雷明顿鲸科 Remingtonocetidae Kumar & Sahni 1986 |
| 属 | |
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描述 编辑
雷明顿鲸科物种具有长而狭窄的颅骨、位于前端的鼻孔、狭小的额板、较小的眼窝、具有凸起的腭以及未完全愈合的下颌骨逢。它们的齿式为3.1.4.33.1.4.3。前端的牙齿外型与鲨鱼齿类似[2]。
颅后骨架部分颈椎较长、骶骨由4块椎骨组成，且其中至少3块已经完全愈合。髀臼切痕狭小或闭合，股骨头上不具有股骨头凹[2]。
颅骨化石十分常见但通常无法保留齿式。颅后的骨架则多半基于库奇鲸的唯一样本，体型小但具有粗壮的背部及尾部。雷明顿鲸科的物种游泳形式可能与现存的巨獭一样透过长而扁平的尾巴推进[3]。
雷明顿鲸科具有较长的身体与吻突、较短的四肢，外型特征比起走鲸与现存的鳄鱼更为相似。它们能于陆地上行走也能于水中游泳，可能栖息于沿岸地带。其中至少有一个属（大连特鲸）是以水生动物为食[1]。
雷明顿鲸科的化石附近通常都能发现海生鲶鱼、鳄鱼、原鲸科鲸鱼以及海牛，这代表它们的栖息环境多半位于咸水水域，而非淡水[3]。
栖息与分布地 编辑
雷明顿鲸科的物种最早被认为是始新世时期特提斯洋沿岸（现今的巴基斯坦及印度）的特有种。不过于埃及发现的Rayanistes代表雷明顿鲸科有比之前所知还要更为广泛的分布区域[1]。雷明顿鲸科的名称来自于雷明顿鲸属，用以纪念古生物学家雷明顿·凯洛格[1][4]。
分类学 编辑
雷明顿鲸科最早由Kumar & Sahni 1986发表，并被Uhen 2010认为是单系群。Benton 1993将其分类至齿鲸小目下；Mitchell 1989与Rice 1998将其分类至雷明顿鲸亚科（Remingtonocetoidea）下；由Bianucci & Landini 2007、Kumar & Sahni 1986、Fordyce & Barnes 1994、Fordyce, Barnes & Miyazaki 1995、McKenna & Bell 1997、Fordyce & Muizon 2001、Gingerich et al. 2001、Fordyce 2003、Geisler & Sanders 2003与McLeod & Barnes 2008分类至古鲸小目下；由Thewissen, Williams & Hussain 2001、Uhen 2010与Thewissen & Bajpai 2009.分类至鲸下目下[5]。
属 编辑
- 雷明顿鲸 Remingtonocetus（模式种）Kumar & Sahni 1986
- 安德鲁斯鲸 Andrewsiphius Sahni & Mishra 1975
- 阿托克鲸 Attockicetus Kumar & Sahni 1986：为最古老的属[3]
- 大连特鲸 Dalanistes Gingerich, Arif & Clyde 1995
- 库奇鲸 Kutchicetus Thewissen & Hussain 2000
- Rayanistes Bebej, Zalmout, El-Aziz, Antar, and Gingerich, 2016
参考文献 编辑
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Uhen 2010，第203页
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Gingerich et al. 2001，第285–7页
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Thewissen & Williams 2002，第80页
- ^ Ryan M. Bebej, Iyad S. Zalmout, Ahmed A. Abed El-Aziz, Mohammed Sameh M. Antar and Philip D. Gingerich (2016). "First remingtonocetid archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the middle Eocene of Egypt with implications for biogeography and locomotion in early cetacean evolution". Journal of Paleontology. in press. doi:10.1017/jpa.2015.57.
- ^ Remingtonocetidae. Paleobiology Database.. Retrieved February 2013
- Benton, Micheal J. The Fossil Record 2. Springer. 1993. ISBN 9780412393808.
- Bianucci, Giovanni; Landini, Walter. Fossil History. Miller, Debra L. (编). Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Cetacea. Science Publishers. 2007: 35–93. ISBN 978-1-4398-4257-7. OCLC 646769361. doi:10.1201/b11001-3.
|journal=被忽略 (帮助) - Fordyce, R. Ewan. Cetacean evolution and Eocene-Oligocene oceans revisited. From Greenhouse to Icehouse: The Marine Eocene-Oligocene Transition. New York: Columbia University Press. 2003: 154–170. ISBN 9780231127165. OCLC 50116197.
- Fordyce, R. Ewan; Barnes, Lawrence G. The evolutionary history of whales and dolphins. Wetherill, George W; Albee, Arden L; Burke, K (编). Annual Review of Earth Planetary Sciences 22. 1994: 419–55. ISBN 9780824320225. OCLC 30676887.
- Fordyce, R. Ewan; Barnes, Lawrence G.; Miyazaki, N. General aspects of the evolutionary history of whales and dolphins. The Island Arc. 1995, 3 (4): 373–391. OCLC 4643465301. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1738.1994.tb00121.x.
- Fordyce, R. Ewan; Muizon, Christian, de. Evolutionary history of whales: a review. Mazin, Jean-Michel; Buffrenil, Vivian, de (编). Secondary adaptation of tetrapods to life in water. Proceedings of the international meeting, Poitiers, 1996. München: Verlag Dr Friedriech Pfeil. 2001: 169–234. ISBN 9783931516888. OCLC 52121251.
- Geisler, Jonathan H.; Sanders, Albert E. Morphological Evidence for the Phylogeny of Cetacea. Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 2003, 10 (1/2): 23–129. OCLC 361831220. doi:10.1023/a:1025552007291.
- Gingerich, Philip D.; Arif, Muhammad; Clyde, William C. New Archaeocetes (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the middle Eocene Domanda Formation of the Sulaiman Range, Punjab (Pakistan). Contributions from Museum of Paleontology, the University of Michigan. 1995, 29 (11): 291–330. OCLC 34123868. hdl:2027.42/48650.
- Gingerich, Philip D.; Ul-Haq, Munir; Khan, Intizar Hussain; Zalmout, Iyad S. Eocene stratrigraphy and archaeocete whales (Mammalia, Cetacea) of Drug Lahar in the eastern Sulaiman range, Balochistan (Pakistan). Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan. 2001, 30 (11): 269–319. hdl:2027.42/48661.
- Kumar, K.; Sahni, A. Remingtonocetus harudiensis, new combination, a middle Eocene archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from western Kutch, India. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 1986, 6 (4): 326–349. OCLC 4649653943. doi:10.1080/02724634.1986.10011629.
- McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. Classification of mammals above the species level. New York: Columbia University Press. 1997. ISBN 978-0-231-11013-6. OCLC 37345734.
- McLeod, S. A.; Barnes, L. G. A new genus and species of Eocene protocetid archaeocete whale (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Atlantic Coastal plain (PDF). Wang, Xiaoming; Barnes, Lawrence G. (编). Geology and Vertebrate Paleontology of Western and Southern North America 41. 2008: 73–98 [February 2013].
|journal=被忽略 (帮助) - Mitchell, Edward D. A new cetacean from the late Eocene La Meseta Formation, Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 1989, 46 (12): 2219–35. OCLC 41657907. doi:10.1139/f89-273.
- Rice, Dale W. Marine Mammals of the World: Systematics and Distribution. Special publication (Society for Marine Mammalogy), 4. The Society for Marine Mammalogy Special Publication. 1998: 1–231. ISBN 9781891276033. OCLC 40622084.
- Sahni, Ashok; Mishra, Vijay Prakash. Lower Tertiary vertebrates from western India. Monograph of the PaleontologicalSociety of India. 1975, 3: 1–48. ASIN B0007AL8UE. OCLC 3566369.
- Thewissen, J.G.M.; Bajpai, Sunil. New Skeletal Material of Andrewsiphius and Kutchicetus, Two Eocene Cetaceans from India. Journal of Paleontology. 2009, 83 (5): 635–663. OCLC 4631929027. doi:10.1666/08-045.1.
- Thewissen, J.G.M.; Hussain, S.T. Attockicetus praecursor, a new remingtonocetid cetacean from marine Eocene sediments of Pakistan. Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 2000, 7 (3): 133–46. OCLC 362777268. doi:10.1023/A:1009458618729.
- Thewissen, J.G.M.; Williams, E.M. The Early Radiations of Cetacea (Mammalia): Evolutionary Pattern and Developmental Correlations (PDF). Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 2002, 33: 73–90 [February 2013]. OCLC 4656321698. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.020602.095426.[永久失效链接][永久失效链接][永久失效链接][永久失效链接][永久失效链接]
- Thewissen, J.G.M.; Williams, E.M.; Hussain, S.T. Eocene mammal faunas from northern Indo-Pakistan. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2001, 21 (2): 347–366. OCLC 631973716. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0347:EMFFNI]2.0.CO;2.
- Uhen, Mark D. The Origin(s) of Whales. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 2010, 38: 189–219. Bibcode:2010AREPS..38..189U. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-040809-152453.