分散决策(或称非集中决策)是当决策单位分散在大型机构各个位置,也指高层给低层官员、执行官和工人授权进行决策。可以是任何规模的机构,可以是政府机构或者公司,但一般用于大型机构。这是一种分散权利的有效手段,对管理学、组织行为学和政府工作有深刻影响。

首先,分散决策来源于组织智慧群体智慧。分散决策也受益于核心知识,一般是按照卡尔·荣格集体无意识理论。

麻省理工大学教授Thomas W. Malone认为分散决策主要有三个好处:

(1) 激励创造和开发;

(2) 让很多头脑同时工作,解决同一个问题

(3) 允许灵活性和个人主义

Malone说分散决策一般可以创造更灵活的意见,减少企业中的谄媚奉承,当高层授权决策责任后,领导者也具备一定的控制权,这样信息的流动更通畅。因此低层向高层汇报更多的情况,允许创新,更有效率的工作,促进生产力。允许创新可以提升整体质量管理

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参考和更多阅读

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  • Drucker, Peter F., Post-Capitalist Society. (1993) HarperBusiness, New York.
  • Gerstner Jr., Louis V., Who Says Elephants Can't Dance? Inside IBM's Historic Turnaround. (2002) HarperBusiness, New York.
  • Gladwell, Malcolm, The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. (2002) Little, Brown & Co., Boston.
  • Kahneman, Daniel, & Tversky, Amos, Choices, Values, and Frames (2000) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
  • Malone, Thomas W.,"Is 'Empowerment' Just a Fad? Control, Decision-Making, and Information Technology," Sloan Management Review 23: 38, no. 2 (1997).
  • Malone, Thomas W., The Future of Work: How the New Order of Business Will Shape Your Organization, Your Management Style, and Your Life. (2004) Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Trotter, Wilfred, Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War. (1915) Macmillan, New York.
  • Surowiecki, James, The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many Are Smarter Than the Few and How Collective Wisdom Shapes Business, Economies, Societies and Nations. (2004) Little, Brown, Boston.
  • Sunstein, Cass, Infotopia: How Many Minds Produce Knowledge. (2006) Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.

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