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以色列约旦河西岸隔离墙

此條目介紹的是以色列在约旦河西岸修築的隔离墙。关于以色列在加沙地带修築的隔离墙，请见「加沙—以色列隔离墙」。

以色列约旦河西岸隔离墙，简称西岸隔离墙，是以色列沿绿线在约旦河西岸内修建的隔离墙，是巴以冲突中的引发争议的因素之一。巴勒斯坦人则将其视为种族隔离，他们经常称之为种族隔离墙。[1][2][3]以色列称其为制止巴勒斯坦政治暴力的必要手段。隔离墙沿线总长708公里(440英里)，是绿线长度的两倍以上，其中15%沿着绿线或在以色列境内，其余85%在约旦河西岸境内长达18公里 ，实际上将约9%的土地和大约25,000名其他巴勒斯坦人与巴勒斯坦领土的其他部分隔离开来[4]

截至2011年7月的隔离墙路線： 438 km（272 mi）已完成, 58 km（36 mi）施工中, 212 km（132 mi）已計劃。
耶路撒冷的隔離牆，2007年。
阿布迪斯和東耶路撒冷之間的隔离墙，2004年6月。

根据以色列政府的说辞，这个隔离墙的建造是为了阻挡第二次巴勒斯坦大起义（2000年9月到2005年2月）中的政治暴力与恐怖主义[5]。以色列政府以从约旦河西岸实施的自杀性爆炸事件数量减少为证据，证明其有效性，这类袭击从2000年至2003年7月的73起(第一个连续部分完成)下降到2003年8月至2006年底的12起[6][7]。尽管隔离墙最初是在紧张局势加剧之际作为临时安全措施提出的，但自那以来，它一直与以色列和约旦河西岸地区之间未来的政治边界有关[8] 。

隔离墙招致了巴勒斯坦人、人权组织和国际社会成员的批评，他们都认为这是以色列打着安全的幌子企图吞并巴勒斯坦土地的证据[9]。还有人指称，修建隔离墙的目的是单方面建立新的事实边界，从而破坏以色列-巴勒斯坦和平进程（英语：Israeli–Palestinian peace process）[10]。争议的关键点在于，它大大偏离了绿线，严重限制了许多巴勒斯坦人的自由，并削弱了他们在约旦河西岸或前往以色列上班的通勤自由。国际法院发表了一项咨询意见，认为隔离墙的存在符合违反国际法的条件[11][12]。2003年，联合国大会通过一项决议，指责以色列修建隔离墙违反国际法，并要求以144票赞成、4票反对、12票弃权的表决结果拆除隔离墙[13]。

隔离墙的围墙部分已经成为涂鸦艺术的画布（英语：West Bank Wall graffiti art），其面对巴勒斯坦的一面的涂鸦表明反对隔离墙，巴勒斯坦人的抵抗，他们返回的权利，以及一般的人权[14]

与此隔离墙类似的还有加沙—以色列隔离墙，亦为阻碍巴勒斯坦人前往以色列领土。

名称 编辑

在希伯来语中，以色列约旦河西岸隔离墙被称作“隔离墙”(גדר ההפרדהⓘ, Geder HaHafrada)(希伯來語：חומת ההפרדה‎, Ḥomat HaHafrada)“安全保障墙”(גדר הביטחון‎, Geder HaBitaḥon)[15][16]。

在阿拉伯语中，以色列约旦河西岸隔离墙被称作种族隔离墙[17] جدار الفصل العنصريⓘ, jidār al-faṣl al-‘unṣuriyy，表明对以色列种族灭绝的指控。

在英语中，英国广播公司的导播使用了“隔离墙”（有时是“隔离墙”（英語："separation barrier"）或“约旦河西岸隔离墙”英語："West Bank barrier"）[18] ，《经济学人》[19]美国公共广播公司[20]和纽约时报[21]也是如此。以色列外交部在英语中使用“安全围栏”一词。国际法院使用“墙”一词来解释“有时使用的其他表达方式，如果从物理意义上理解，就不会更准确。”它也被贬称为“种族隔离墙”或“种族隔离围栏”。[22][23][24] “接缝区”（希伯來語：מרחב התפר‎）是指1949年停战协定线和围栏之间的土地。

构造 编辑

以色列约旦河西岸隔离墙被以色列国防军描述为一个“多层复合障碍物”，部分由9米高的混凝土墙组成[25]，其他部分由多层围栏系统组成，两道外围围栏上有三道金字塔形的带刺铁丝网，中间有一道较轻的围栏，中间有入侵检测设备; 一条反车辆沟渠; 两侧有巡逻道路; 以及一条用于跟踪入侵的光滑沙带[26][27]。

当以色列约旦河西岸隔离墙建成时，它包含一个平均宽度为60米(200英尺)的隔离区[28] ，有些部分的隔离区宽达100米[29]。通常来说，混凝土墙的宽度为3米，高度为9米[25]。

参考资料 编辑

  1. ^ The Security Fence, the Anti-Terrorism Barrier, the Wall. HuffPost. 2013-11-18 [2020-02-20]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-20）. 
  2. ^ Saving Lives: Israel's anti-terrorist fence-Answers to Questions. www.mfa.gov.il. [2019-10-24]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-06）. 
  3. ^ Dona J. Stewart, The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives, Routledge, 2013 p. 223.
  4. ^ Barrier Update: Special Focus (PDF). UN OCHA (Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs). 2011. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-09-12）. 
  5. ^ Questions and Answers. Israel's Security Fence. The State of Israel. February 22, 2004 [2007-04-17]. （原始内容存档于October 3, 2013）. The Security Fence is being built with the sole purpose of saving the lives of the Israeli citizens who continue to be targeted by the terrorist campaign that began in 2000. The fact that over 800 men, women and children have been killed in horrific suicide bombings and other terror attacks clearly justifies the attempt to place a physical barrier in the path of terrorists. 
  6. ^ The Anti-Terrorist Fence vs. Terrorism. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. [2013-09-18]. （原始内容存档于2004-01-10）. 
  7. ^ Nissenbaum, Dion. Death toll of Israeli civilians killed by Palestinians hit a low in 2006. Washington Bureau. 麦克拉奇报业. January 10, 2007 [2007-04-16]. （原始内容存档于November 20, 2008）. Fewer Israeli civilians died in Palestinian attacks in 2006 than in any year since the Palestinian uprising began in 2000. Palestinian militants killed 23 Israelis and foreign visitors in 2006, down from a high of 289 in 2002 during the height of the uprising. Most significant, successful suicide bombings in Israel nearly came to a halt. Last year, only two Palestinian suicide bombers managed to sneak into Israel for attacks that killed 11 people and wounded 30 others. Israel has gone nearly nine months without a suicide bombing inside its borders, the longest period without such an attack since 2000[...] An Israeli military spokeswoman said one major factor in that success had been Israel's controversial separation barrier, a still-growing 400-公里（250-英里） network of high-tech fencing, concrete walls and other obstacles that cuts through parts of the West Bank. 'The security fence was put up to stop terror, and that's what it's doing,' said Capt. Noa Meir, a spokeswoman for the Israel Defense Forces. [...] Opponents of the barrier grudgingly acknowledge that it's been effective in stopping bombers, though they complain that its route should have followed the border between Israel and the Palestinian territories known as the Green Line. [...] IDF spokeswoman Meir said Israeli military operations that disrupted militants planning attacks from the West Bank also deserved credit for the drop in Israeli fatalities. 
  8. ^ Busbridge, Rachel. The wall has feet but so do we: Palestinian workers in Israel and the 'separation' wall. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 14 June 2016, 44 (3): 373–90. S2CID 148056811. doi:10.1080/13530194.2016.1194187. 
  9. ^ Under the Guise of Security: Routing the Separation Barrier to Enable Israeli Settlement Expansion in the West Bank. Publications. B'Tselem. December 2005 [2007-04-16]. （原始内容存档于2007-04-05）. The fact that the Separation Barrier cuts into the West Bank was and remains the main cause of human rights violations of Palestinians living near the Barrier. Israel contends that the Barrier's route is based solely on security considerations. This report disputes that contention and proves that one of the primary reasons for choosing the route of many sections of the Barrier was to place certain areas intended for settlement expansion on the "Israeli" side of the Barrier. In some of the cases, for all intents and purposes the expansion constituted the establishment of a new settlement. 
  10. ^ Geraldine Bedell. Set in stone. The Guardian (London). 14 June 2003 [2013-09-17]. （原始内容存档于2019-09-30）. The Palestinian Authority, meanwhile, preoccupied with the road map and its own internal politics, 'has neglected the wall,' according to Jamal Juma. Yet the wall is crucial to the road map. At the very least, it is an attempt to preempt negotiations with a land grab that establishes new borders (and what the road map calls 'facts on the ground' that must be heeded). Arguably it is more devious: an attempt to undermine negotiations altogether – because what Palestinian Authority could sign up to the fragmented 'state' the wall will create? 
  11. ^ "International Court of Justice finds Israeli barrier in Palestinian territory is illegal 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2017-10-06.". UN News Centre. United Nations. 9 July 2004.
  12. ^ "Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory". International Court of Justice. 9 July 2004. Archived from the original on 2 September 2004.
  13. ^ 联大通过决议要求以色列停止修建隔离墙 | | 联合国新闻. news.un.org. 2003-10-22 [2024-06-02] （中文（简体））. 
  14. ^ Leuenberger, Christine. PIJ.ORG: The West Bank Wall as Canvas: Art and Graffiti in Palestine/Israel By Christine Leuenberger. PIJ.ORG. 2009-06-10 [2022-05-27]. 
  15. ^ Robert Zelnick, Israel's Unilateralism: Beyond Gaza, Hoover Press, 2006, p 30-31 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2020-07-31., ISBN 978-0-8179-4773-6, 9780817947736
  16. ^ Fiona de Londras, Detention in the 'War on Terror': Can Human Rights Fight Back?, Cambridge University Press, 2011, pp. 177–78 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2020-07-10., " ISBN 978-1-139-50003-6、978-1139500036
  17. ^ Juliana Ochs,Security and Suspicion: An Ethnography of Everyday Life in Israel, University of Pennsylvania Press 2011 ISBN 978-0-812-20568-8p.147
  18. ^ Israel and the Palestinians: Key terms. BBC News. 12 October 2006 [2008-03-15]. （原始内容存档于March 7, 2008）. BBC journalists should try to avoid using terminology favoured by one side or another in any dispute. The BBC uses the terms "barrier", "separation barrier" or "West Bank barrier" as acceptable generic descriptions to avoid the political connotations of "security fence" (preferred by the Israeli government) or "apartheid wall" (preferred by Palestinians). 
  19. ^ A safety measure or a land grab?. The Economist. 2003-10-09 [2014-10-15]. （原始内容存档于2018-02-08）. 
  20. ^ '5 Broken Cameras' in Context. PBS. August 26, 2013. （原始内容存档于2015-09-24）. 
  21. ^ Bronner, Ethan. A Damaging Distance. The New York Times. 2014-07-11 [2017-02-16]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-30）. 
  22. ^ The Road Map to Nowhere: Israel/Palestine Since 2003, Tanya Reinhart (2006)
  23. ^ The Plot of the Eastern Segregation Wall. poica.org. 16 July 2005 [2013-09-17]. （原始内容存档于22 May 2013）. 
  24. ^ Alatout, Samer. Towards a bio-territorial conception of power: Territory, population, and environmental narratives in Palestine and Israel. Political Geography. August 2006, 25 (6): 601–21. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2006.03.008. 
  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 Fabian, Emanuel. After terror attacks, Israel reinforces part of West Bank barrier with 9-meter wall. www.timesofisrael.com. [2022-06-22] （美国英语）. 
  26. ^ x. Operational Concept. Israel: 以色列国防军. January 31, 2007 [2013-09-18]. （原始内容存档于September 27, 2013）. The Security Fence is a multi layered composite obstacle comprised of several elements: * A ditch and a pyramid shaped stack of six coils of barbed wire on the eastern side of the structure, barbed wire only on the western side. * A path enabling the patrol of IDF forces on both sides of the structure. * An intrusion- detection fence, in the center, with sensors to warn of any incursion. * Smoothed strip of sand that runs parallel to the fence, to detect footprints. 
  27. ^ Barahona, Ana. Bearing Witness – Eight weeks in Palestine. London: Metete. 2013: 47. ISBN 978-1-908099-02-0. 
  28. ^ Israel High Court Ruling Docket H.C.J. 7957/04: International Legality of the Security Fence and Sections near Alfei Menashe. 以色列最高法院. September 15, 2005 [2007-04-16]. （原始内容存档于2005-12-24）. .
  29. ^ Behind the barrier: Human Rights Violations as a Result of Israel's Separation Barrier 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2019-10-28., pp. 5–8. Yehezkel Lein, B'Tselem, March 2003. Here available 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2020-07-02.. p. 8: "The average width of the barrier complex is sixty meters. Due to topographic constraints, a narrower barrier will be erected in some areas and will not include all of the elements that support the electronic fence. However, as the state indicated to the High Court of Justice, "in certain cases, the barrier will reach a width of one hundred meters due to the topographic conditions."
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